United Kingdom
1.
The official name of the state
is the
Geography
The whole state consists of two large islands and about
5000 smaller ones (e.g. the Isle of Man,
the Isle of Wight – in the English
Channel, the Isles of Scilly, the Hebrids,
the Orkneys, the Shetlands and the Channel Islands – Jersey, Sark).
The area of the kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the
Its closest neighbours are
Each country of the
National anthem is „God, Save the Queen!“
Each part of the kingdom has
its own symbol:
The relief of the kingdom is variable.
British mountains are low, the Scottish
Highlands are the highest. There is the highest mountain of the British
Isles -
Rivers
and: The most famous English river is The
Thames. It is 215 miles long. It flows through
Lakes can be found in
north
Climate
oceanic (wet, windy,
changeable, the temperatures doesn´t vary), mild, temperate. It winters are
mild and summers are not very hot. Thr average temperature ranges from 4°C in
winter to 16°C in summer.
People
Population: 57 milion, density
of 600 persons per square mile (234 per sq km). Some areas are inhabited more
than the others, p.e. parts of the south-east.
Immigration into
Religion
- there is complete religious freedom in
- only the monarch must belong to the Church of England.
The
Church of England was founded in 1534, when king Henry VIII broke away
from the supermacy (nadvláda) of Rome and declared himself head of the new Church
- The Church of England is sometimes referred to as the
Anglican Church, in the sentence that it is part of a worldwide communion of
churches whose practice and beliefs are very similar.
The
Church of Scotland was created in 1560 by John Knox, who was opposed
(čelit)to episcopal (biskupský) rule and belief tht the English Church had not
mved sufficiently far from Rome.
- The Scotish church followed the teaching of Calvin.
The
Roman Catholic Church virtualy ceased to exist (přestat existovat) in
Britain in the 16th centruy, after the Reformation.
- Toady Catholicism is widely practiced through the
country, but no Catholic can become monarch.
- There are some Free Churches
Jews in Britain
- the firt grouf of Jews came to Britain at the time of
the Norman Conquest. Toady the community of Jews has about 330,000 members and
is estimated to be the second largest Jewish population in Europe.
National economy
In 1926 the British
Commonwealth of Nations – a free association of equal states under one
sovereign – was declared.
The GB belongs to the G-8 countries. Britain is the member of nearly all important
international organizations: UN, NATO,
OECD, EU.
It has a very developped agricultural system. The main
products are wheat, barley, oats (oves), potatoes, beet (třtina), sugar and
flax (len). The animals kept on
British farms are cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry.
The main raw materials are coal, iron, zinc, lead and
oil, tin, chalk
Coal 1) south-east ® Cent
2) Birmingham ® Sheffiels
3) around Newcastle
4) all the Grampian mountains
5) lowlands in Scotland (Glasgow)
Oil – the Northern Sea
® Aberdeen - centre of oil and gas industry
Iron
–
around Birmingham
The main industries are steel, metals, vehicles, shipbuilding,
shipping, banking, textiel, aircraft.
Manufacturing
Steel
® around Birmingham,
Sheffield, Newcastle, Glasgou
Cars ® Birmingham,
Liverpool, South Wales, Cowentry - Rolce
Royce
Ships ® Newcastle,
Glasgow, Belfast
Textiles
® cotton imported
from USA or Egypt ® Manchester, Leeds
- The north has always been associated with heavy
industries, coalmining, iron, steel and textiles, but these are now declining
and new industries must be developed.
- Scotland is famous for its whisky distilleries.
History
The first inhabitants came between 3,500 B.C. and 3,000
B.C. These people came from Europe and lived in the south of England. Stonehenge, a huge circle of standing stones,
was built by these early inhabitants
The first known inhabitants were the Celts. They crossed the English Channel many centuries before
the Christian era. The Celts practiced agriculture and dug up minerals. Their
religion was Druidism and their priests
were famous for their magic arts.
Roman religion led by Julius Caesar invaded
Britain in 55 B.C. The Romans
conquered much of the island and ruled it for almost 400 years. They built a lot. The Romans could not control
the entire island. In the northern part, there lived people called Picts. They attacked Roman settlements.
To keep them out, the Roman soldier built great walls with forts and towers.
The greatest monument they left is the Hadrians´s
Wall, between England and Scotland.
The Romans left
Britain at the beggining of the 5th century. And the island was invaded by groups from Germany and Denmark called Angles, Saxons and Jutes. By the 7th
centruy they controlled the most of the island. The tribes united to become the
Anglo-Saxons. They set up several small kingdoms. The southern part of Britain
soon became known as England. The people became known as the English. They
followed the Germanic religion.
Pop George I decided to convert the Anglo-Saxons to
Christianity. At the end of the 6th century, he sent there a mission of 41
monks under the leadership of monk Augustine. By 700 A.D., all England was Chrstian. One of the monks, called Bede, who stayed in England, wrote the first history of English people.
About 835 A.D., bands of Danes began riding the coast of
England. The English kingdom decided to resist and as their leader, they chose Alfred, King of Wessex, after known as Alfred the Great. He became the King of
England. Afterwards he signed a treaty with Danes and they could rule the northeas
part of the country known as the Danelaw. Alfred was well-educated and he
started a school.
In 1042 the witan made Edward the Confessor King of England. He died withou an heir. The
most powerful noble Harold became
the King of England. But William, Duke
of Normandy, a cousin of Edward the Confessor, claimed that before Edward
died he had promised him the English throne. In 1066 William led an army across the sea to England. They met
Harold´s army in battle near Hastings.
After the battle, on Christmas Day, William, now known as William the Conqueror, was crowned King of England in Westminster
Abbey.
William introduced feudalism
into England. He seized (vzal) the land of English nobels and divided them
among Norman nobels. The nobles became William´s vassals (poddaný). During
William´s rule England learns Norman customs. The wealthy built castles,
cathedrals....
After king Richared
called Lionheart died, his brother John started to rule. He increased the
taxes and ignored the law. The nobles angry and forced John to sign the Magna Charta. It lessened the king´s
power and increased that of the nobles. The Magna Charta brought step towards
democracy.
English
history is connected with the dynasty of Tudors.
The first member on the throne was Hentry VII. His son
became one of the most known from the family.
Henry VIII was born at the end of the
15th centruy. He has an outstanding position among English monarchs. As a young
boy, he was strong, generous, talented and skilled in artistic activities. He
realized the changes taking place in Europe and he wanted to be a powerful
monarch to achieve his goals. His teacher was Thomas More, whom Henry made Lord Chancellor. More was executed,
because he didn´t accept Henry´s second marriage with Anne Boleyn.
The most well known fact about
Hentry VIII is that he had six wives.
1. Catherine of Aragon – widow of Henry´s elder brother Arthur. She
was not able to give him a son, a male heir. He convinced himself that this
must be because the marriage is invalid in the eyes of God. Henry wanted an annulement. But it could
come only from Pope, unfortunately who was under the unfluence of Catherin´s
nephew. Henry´s request led to a conflict with Rome, which resulted in the
establishment of the Church of England.
They had a daughter – Mary I.
2. Ann Boleyn, who was later found quilty for adultery (cizoložství)
and was executed.
hey had a daughter – Elisabeth I. and a son – Edward VI
3. Jane Seymour died while giving birth
4. Anne of Claves – Henry divorced her (their marriage was arranged
only on the base of a portrait)
5. Catherine Howard – executed
6. Catherine Parr outlived him
Henry VIII´s Children
Mary I
- born in 1516, daughter of henry and Catherin of Aragon
- she was declared as a bastard, when Henry repudiated
(zavrdl) her mother
- during her brother´s reign she came under the pressure
to conform to the Protestant faith.
- when she came to the throne, she devoted herself to
the restoration of what she saw as the true religion.
- her marriage with King Philip provoked a rebellion
among the Protestant gentry of Kent.
- during her reign, two bishops and one arcibishop were
burnt at the stake (na hranici). There were among a total of 300 Protestants
victims. Her policy earned her the name Bloody
Mary.
- in the closing months of her reign, the English lost Calais in today´s
France.
Elisabeth I
- was born on 7th September 1533 to Henry and Anne
Boleyn
- she never married and she died at the age of 70 (in
1603) as the last of the Tudors
- she reign 44 years very succesfully and this period is
called The Golden Age of English History
- she was very talented and educated a lot. She could
speak five languages.
- After her mother was executed, the marriage of her
parents was annulled and she became a royal
bastard. Henry died when she was only 13 and she became an orphan.
- Elizabeth was second in line to the throne after Mary.
Her brother died in 1553 and Mary became the Queen of England.
- Elizabeth was implicated
in a dangerous political plot and she was taken into the prison to the
Tower of Londen. At Phillip´s behest (příkaz) she was allowed to return and
Mary accepted her as a heiress.
- Elizabeth was crowned
Queen on the 15 January 1559 and she became Supreme Governor of Church of
England. She wanted to rule not by
force, but by female democracy. She never married in order to protect her
country from others kings and on the other hand in order to keep good
relationships with all the empires around.
- During her reign, great voyages of discovery opened
the world to english trade and conquest. Sir
Walter Raleigh explored the eastern coast of North America and founded
there the first British colony and called it Virginia in honour of the Queen.
- For political purposes she travelled around the
country. Her reign was the golden age of literature, drama, art and music.
- Elizabeth I died in 1603 naming James VI of Scotland,
the son of Mary Stuart, her successor.
Edward VI
- the only son of Henry VIII was a sickly child and died
at the age of 10 of tuberculosis or of over-medication.
Queen Victoria
- she came to the throne in 1837 at the age of 18
- during her reign the British Empire grew and grew and
the queen was the symbol of the continuity and stability of the British way of
life.
- The Victorian age was remarkable for
the expansion in wealth and power in Britain. Many changes were taken place ® industry was replacing agriculture, the
old aristocracy lost tjeir power to the new middle class.
- She reigned for
64 years, longer than any other sovereign in English history
- She was the first monarch to live in Buckingham Palace
Interesting places
Oxford
and Cambridge are the old university towns
Stratford-upon-Avon – the birthplace
of William Shakespeare and the place where his plays are performed at the Shakespeare
Memorial Theatre.
Canterbury – an ancient town
with a majestic cathedral. It is famous for Geoffrey Chaucer´s Canterbury
Tales.
Lake
District – National Park, popular with many tourists and painters.
Bath: remarkably
well-preserved Roman baths and unique architectural beuties
Brighton: famous seaside
town
Plymouth: an ancient port,
famous naval base and modern resort with one of the finest natural harbours in
the world.
Stonehange: built about 2,000
B.C. on Salibury Plain, is thought to be a temple for the worship (uctívání) of
the sun
Cities
In England:
London
Birmingham – the most
industrial city
Leeds
Sheffield
–
steel industry
Manchaster
Bristol
On the south-east coast, there
are ports.
In Scotland: Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen
New
Castle – industrial city – building ships
Komentáře
Přehled komentářů
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